基于数据融合的公交客流规模测算方法

公交客流规模测算往往存在调查成本受限和准确度要求较高的矛盾.提出基于公交IC卡历史数据与人工补充调查数据的数据融合测算方法,以准确推算公交客流规模.首先根据公交线路的基本属性,采用聚类分析方法划分线路类型,从每一类中选择具有代表性的线路.基于IC卡数据分析公交客流时变特征,运用有序样本聚类Fisher算法将线路小时刷卡量进行聚类分析.划分刷卡量相似时段,进而采用优化方法确定调查抽样率,确定相应的调查车辆进行人工补充调查,最终经过数据融合计算获得公交客流规模.基于上海市某辖区IC卡数据进行案例分析,测算得到三类公交线路的日均客流量.     

装配式桩基码头设计建造应用现状与展望

针对水运工程高桩梁板式桩基码头设计建造过程中存在的构件标准化及装配化程度差、施工效率低等问题,分析装配式桩基码头设计建造应用现状,总结装配式桩基码头结构体系的基本特点、模式及连接方式,提出装配化程度指标构件装配率和体积装配率概念,并根据实际工程案例得出传统高桩码头的装配率指标。     

On the fundamental diagram for freeway traffic: A novel calibration approach for single-regime models

The speed-density or flow-density relationship has been considered as the foundation of traffic flow theory. Existing single-regime models calibrated by the least square method (LSM) could not fit the empirical data consistently well both in light-traffic/free-flow conditions and congested/jam conditions. In this paper, first, we point out that the inaccuracy of single-regime models is not caused solely by their functional forms, but also by the sample selection bias. Second, we apply a weighted least square method (WLSM) that addresses the sample selection bias problem. The calibration results for six well-known single-regime models using the WLSM fit the empirical data reasonably well both in light-traffic/free-flow conditions and congested/jam conditions. Third, we conduct a theoretical investigation that reveals the deficiency associated with the LSM is because the expected value of speed (or a function of it) is nonlinear with regard to the density (or a function of it).     

Estimating traffic volumes for signalized intersections using connected vehicle data

Recently connected vehicle (CV) technology has received significant attention thanks to active pilot deployments supported by the US Department of Transportation (USDOT). At signalized intersections, CVs may serve as mobile sensors, providing opportunities of reducing dependencies on conventional vehicle detectors for signal operation. However, most of the existing studies mainly focus on scenarios that penetration rates of CVs reach certain level, e.g., 25%, which may not be feasible in the near future. How to utilize data from a small number of CVs to improve traffic signal operation remains an open question. In this work, we develop an approach to estimate traffic volume, a key input to many signal optimization algorithms, using GPS trajectory data from CV or navigation devices under low market penetration rates. To estimate traffic volumes, we model vehicle arrivals at signalized intersections as a time-dependent Poisson process, which can account for signal coordination. The estimation problem is formulated as a maximum likelihood problem given multiple observed trajectories from CVs approaching to the intersection. An expectation maximization (EM) procedure is derived to solve the estimation problem. Two case studies were conducted to validate our estimation algorithm. One uses the CV data from the Safety Pilot Model Deployment (SPMD) project, in which around 2800 CVs were deployed in the City of Ann Arbor, MI. The other uses vehicle trajectory data from users of a commercial navigation service in China. Mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of the estimation is found to be 9–12%, based on benchmark data manually collected and data from loop detectors. Considering the existing scale of CV deployments, the proposed approach could be of significant help to traffic management agencies for evaluating and operating traffic signals, paving the way of using CVs for detector-free signal operation in the future.     

Empirical analysis of short period traffic counts and their efficiency: the case of Indian traffic

Short period traffic counts (SPTCs) are conducted routinely to estimate the annual average daily traffic (AADT) at a particular site. This paper uses Indian traffic volume data to methodically and extensively study the effect of four aspects related to the design of SPTCs. These four aspects are: (i) for how long, (ii) on which days should SPTCs be carried out, (iii) how many times, and (iv) on which months should SPTCs be carried out? The analyses indicate that the best durations for conducting SPTCs are 3 days (starting with a Thursday) and 7 days, for total traffic and truck traffic, respectively. Further, these counts should be repeated twice a year keeping a separation of two months between the counts to obtain good estimates of AADT at minimal cost. An additional outcome of this study has been the determination of seasonal factor values for roads in developing economies, like India.     

基于专项调查的属地与工具运输量分析——以辽宁省为例

我国铁路、民航等运输量统计都能够获得属地区域运输量,但公路运输量统计调查得到的是工具运输量,难以获得属地公路运输量,运输量统计与经济社会发展指标脱节.为了研究属地运输量,以2013年交通运输业经济统计专项调查为契机,有效利用全国各省专项调查数据,以辽宁省为例,探索分析公路属地客运量和属地货运量,并比较工具运输量与属地运输量的区别,进行流量流向分析.属地客运量与工具客运量基本相同,市级属地客运量与工具客运量的比值在0.91～1.15之间;属地货运量与工具货运量差异相对较大,市级属地货运量与工具货运量比值在0.70～1.68之间.在公路属地运输量基础上,进一步综合铁路、民航、水运等其他运输方式数据,可形成完整的区域综合运输量数据,进而深入分析研究交通运输与经济社会发展的协调关系,从而为有效推动综合运输体系协调发展奠定基础.     

矿化垃圾反应床处理印染废水系统驯化效果

为开发廉价的吸附剂和生物载体,将矿化垃圾资源化利用,在实验室建立矿化垃圾反应床处理模拟染料废水,考察容积负荷及水力负荷渐增法对反应床内微生物的驯化效果。训化结束时,容积负荷渐增法出水中COD,NH3-N,TP,MB浓度分别为49.81,3.06,0.45,1.09 mg·L-1,驯化时间越长出水效果越稳定,去除率维持在98%以上。水力负荷渐增法驯化结束时出水COD,NH3-N,TP,MB分别为81.00,4.39,0.15,1.38 mg·L-1。结果表明两种驯化方法均可取得较好的驯化效果,容积负荷渐增法去除效果优于水力负荷渐增法。在矿化垃圾反应床处理染料废水应用中,将选用容积负荷渐增法对矿化垃圾进行驯化,同时需保证一定的训化时间。     

哇加滩黄河特大桥承台大体积混凝土施工温度控制

青海省哇加滩黄河特大桥主桥为(104+116+560+116+104)m钢-混叠合梁斜拉桥,承台长42m、宽25.5m、高6m,为大体积混凝土结构;桥址区气温垂直分布,日夜温差较大。为避免该桥承台表面出现大面积的温度裂缝,对承台大体积混凝土施工进行温度控制。针对桥址气候特点、承台的特殊位置等因素,从原材料、混凝土配合比等方面控制混凝土入模温度和水化热总量;采用有限元软件建立承台1/4模型,根据计算结果合理布置冷却水管、制定保温方案等;通过在混凝土内布设温度传感器,对施工过程进行温度监控,并根据温度数据及时调整保温和水化热排出措施、调整混凝土内外温差。采取以上措施,承台施工完成时,未发现大面积的温度裂缝,且混凝土的温度峰值和内外温差均在规范允许值之内。     

浅谈城市景观中园林建筑设计

论叙风景园林建筑设计的特点、作用、分类以及设计的方法和技巧。     

桩-土作用在大型旅客站房基础设计中的应用

当大型旅客站房基础与地下出站通道重叠时,由于地下出站通道刚度大、结构超长,且属半露天地下结构,对温度作用变化明显,利用传统的刚性固结模型对站房基础进行设计时较难得到合理的结果或造成巨大的浪费。论述桩-土作用机理的复杂性,并对桩-土作用力学模型进行分析。通过分布弹簧模型对旅客站房在温度作用下的结构内力进行分析,并与刚性固结模型计算结果进行对比,得出旅客站房基础设计考虑桩-土作用的合理化计算模式。